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Depression

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Depression

Contents

What depression is
Signs and symptoms
Causes and risk factors
Getting assessed and diagnosed
Support in education
Treatments and recovery
Related guidance

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What depression is

Depression is a mental health condition that affects mood, thoughts and daily functioning.
 It goes beyond occasional sadness and can lead to persistent feelings of emptiness, low energy and loss of interest in usual activities.
 Depression can affect anyone, including children and young people.

Early recognition and support make recovery more likely.

Related guidance

  • Anxiety Disorders
  • PTSD
  • Body Dysmorphia
  • SEN Wellbeing
  • Education
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    Signs and symptoms

    Common signs include:

    • feeling persistently sad, tearful or hopeless

    • losing interest in hobbies or friends

    • tiredness or lack of motivation

    • changes in sleep or appetite

    • poor concentration or school performance

    • physical symptoms such as headaches or stomach pain

    • thoughts of self-harm or suicide (seek urgent help)

    Check symptoms of depression
    Learn how to recognise when low mood becomes a mental health condition.

    Causes and risk factors

    Depression can develop for many reasons, including:

    • stressful life events or loss

    • family or relationship difficulties

    • long-term illness or chronic pain

    • bullying or academic pressure

    • trauma or neglect

    • genetic and biological factors

    Depression often coexists with anxiety or other mental health conditions.

    Learn what causes depression
    Understand how life events and brain chemistry can both play a role.

    Getting assessed and diagnosed

    Assessment usually starts with a GP or mental health professional.
     Diagnosis involves:

    • discussing symptoms and duration

    • exploring mood patterns and triggers

    • assessing risk of self-harm

    • completing questionnaires (e.g. PHQ-9)

    Referrals may be made to CAMHS, counselling, or psychological therapy services.

    Find out how depression is assessed and diagnosed

    Support in education

    Students with depression may:

    • struggle with attendance or concentration

       

    • find group work or deadlines stressful

       

    • benefit from reduced workload or flexible timetables

       

    Schools can help by:

    • identifying a trusted adult or mentor

       

    • offering regular check-ins

       

    • referring to school counsellors or external therapists

       

    • making academic adjustments

       

    If symptoms significantly affect learning, SEN support or an EHCP may be needed.

    Read about mental health support in schools

    Treatments and recovery

    Effective treatments include:

    • Talking therapies, such as CBT or counselling

    • Medication prescribed by a GP or psychiatrist

    • Lifestyle support: exercise, sleep and social contact

    • Family or group therapy for young people

    • Crisis support for urgent help

    If someone is in immediate danger, call 999 or go to A&E.

    External resources:

    NHS: Depression overview
    Mind: Understanding depression
    YoungMinds: Help for young people with depression

    Get help for depression

    Search for counsellors, therapists and tutors experienced in supporting emotional wellbeing and recovery.

    Find SEN and mental health providers near you